Definition of Impressment of Sailors

Definition of Impressment of Sailors Impressment of sailors was the practice of Britains Royal Navy of sending officers to board American ships, inspect the crew, and seize sailors accused of being deserters from British ships. Incidents of impressment are often cited as one of the causes of the War of 1812. And while it is true that impressment happened on a regular basis in the first decade of the 19th century, the practice was not always viewed as a terribly serious problem. It was widely known that large numbers of British sailors did desert from British warships, often because of the severe discipline and miserable conditions endured by seamen in the Royal Navy. Many of the British deserters found work on American merchant ships. So the British actually had a good case to make when they claimed that American ships harbored their deserters. Such movement of sailors was often taken for granted. However, one particular episode, the Chesapeake and Leopard affair, in which an American ship was boarded and then attacked by a British ship in 1807, created widespread outrage in the United States. The impressment of sailors was definitely one of the causes of the War of 1812. But it also was part of a pattern in which the young American nation felt like it was constantly being treated with contempt by the British. A press gang of the Royal Navy at work. Getty Images   History of Impressment Britains Royal Navy, which constantly needed many recruits to man its ships, long had a practiced of using press gangs to forcibly recruit sailors. The working of the press gangs were notorious: typically a group of sailors would go forth into a town, find drunken men in taverns, and essentially kidnap them and force them to work on British warships. The discipline on the ships was often brutal. Punishment for even minor violations of naval discipline included flogging. The pay in the Royal Navy was meager, and men were often cheated out of it. And in the early years of the 19th century, with Britain engaged in a seemingly endless war against Napoleons France, sailors were told that their enlistments never ended. Faced with those horrendous conditions, there was a great desire for British sailors to desert. When they could find a chance, theyd leave the British warship and find escape by finding a job aboard an American merchant ship, or even a ship in the U.S. Navy. If a British warship came alongside an American ship in the early years of the 19th century, there was a very good chance that British officers, if they boarded the American vessel, would find deserters from the Royal Navy. And the act of impressment, or seizing of those men, was seen as a perfectly normal activity by the British. And most American officers accepted the seizing of these fugitive sailors and did not make a major issue out of it. The Chesapeake and Leopard Affair In the early years of the 19th century the young American government often felt that the British government paid it little or no respect, and really did not take American independence seriously. Indeed, some political figures in Britain assumed, or even hoped, that the United States government would fail. An incident off the coast of Virginia in 1807 created a crisis between the two nations. The British stationed a squadron of warships off the American coast, with the purpose of capturing some French ships which had put into port in Annapolis, Maryland, for repairs. On June 22, 1807, about 15 miles off the Virginia coast, the 50-gun British warship HMS Leopard hailed the USS Chesapeake, a frigate carrying 36 guns. A British lieutenant boarded the Chesapeake, and demanded that the American commander, Captain James Barron, muster his crew so the British could look for deserters. Capt. Barron refused to have his crew inspected. The British officer returned to his ship. The British commander of the Leopard, Captain Salusbury Humphreys, was furious and had his gunners fire three broadsides into the American ship. Three American sailors were killed and 18 were wounded. Caught unprepared by the attack, the American ship surrendered, and the British returned to the Chesapeake, inspected the crew, and seized four sailors. One of them was actually a British deserter, and he was later executed by the British at their naval base at Halifax, Nova Scotia. The other three men were held by the British and finally released five years later. Americans Were Outraged When news of the violent confrontation reached shore and began to appear in newspaper stories, Americans were outraged. A number of politicians urged President Thomas Jefferson to declare war on Britain. Jefferson chose not to enter a war, as he knew that the United States was not in a position to defend itself against the much more powerful Royal Navy. As a way of retaliating against the British, Jefferson came up with the idea of imposing an embargo on British goods. The embargo turned out to be a disaster, and Jefferson faced many problems over it, including New England states threatening to secede from the Union. Impressment As a Cause of the War of 1812 The issue of impressment, by itself, was not cause for war, even after the Leopard and Chesapeake incident. But impressment was one of the reasons given for the war by the War Hawks, who at times shouted the slogan Free Trade and Sailors Rights.

Danger to Bees is Danger to Us Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Danger to Bees is Danger to Us - Research Paper Example Besides, when bees feel threatened, depending on their strain they can sting once and in some cases respond to threats in great numbers and even can pursue intruders with more persistence. Bees remain the significant commercial pollinators of crops that rely on animal pollination which account for 35% of world food production (Genersch 87). Therefore, bees are vital for economic and sustainable agriculture as well as food security; hence, their threat translates to human threat. For instance, honeybees and their health has been a major topic in the recent past considering their significant role in pollination and food production. Although some exaggerated suggestions claim that humankind would not survive long if bees disappear, production of many fruits and crops that contribute to healthy diet rely on animal pollination. Therefore, a consideration that goes beyond caloric to consider a balanced and nationally valuable diet animal pollinators remain to be essential, which signifies the importance of honey bees in crop production. Independent crop pollination that never rely on animal pollination account for about 65% and 90% of the remaining 35% is carried out by honeybees. Hence, although demise of bees may not spell the end of human kind, the human diet if honeybees become extinct will be greatly impoverished with the decline of bees. Therefore, the decrease of honeybees and their connection to worldwide food security make the decrease of bees an increasing concern for people because of the declining numbers of bees. Since pollination of crops in North America as well as Europe heavily relies on honeybees, the prevailing development of loss of honeybees is alarming though different nations are affected differently. The decline in number of honeybees in the 1990s within Europe attributed to political as well as economic upheaval caused by the collapse of the Soviet Union. Several countries in the soviet used honey as form of currency, which motivated people t o keep bees but after the economic system changed, honey lost its economic relevance, which forced people to give up beekeeping. These economic links imply sustainable economic benefits for beekeepers in nations with declining bees and beehive management can contribute to stabilization or increase of bees or increase of managed beehives (Genersch 88). The prevailing bee losses are not sustainable and the trend is down as is the case with the quality of bees, which if not handled would lead to lose of many bees. The gravity of the threat to bees was acknowledged when the European commission signified its intention of imposing a ban on class of pesticides often referred to as neonicotinoids, which are widely used in the world (Grossman). This class of pesticides is considered a leading cause of colony collapse in bees; hence, the European commission had to announce the controversial decision following the conclusion by the European Food Safety Agency that pesticides represent acute ri sk to bees. The action by the European commission came as scientists and regulators showed their increased concern regarding the impact of colony collapse on the world’s food supply since many of the planet’s significant food crops rely on insect pollination. According to Grossman, a study regarding crop systems in 6 continents indicated

Recording labels & Music Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Recording labels & Music Marketing - Essay Example It has a significant presence in the region. Besides, the record label has a number of artists signed to it. It accords a platform for marketing and promoting all these artists irrespective of their status. For instance, in their website, they have a portal which allows the artists to have their music promoted via a digital store. The digital store, as it is in most cases, is always connected to the iTunes stores. With the advent of information age together with the opportunities presented by it, digital platforms for promoting music is a necessary part of the promotion (Brae, 2012). Brief Background on the All Around the World The music label was formed in 1990. It should be noted that demographically, the record label is located in England but it has signed artists from various parts of the globe. The artists signed to the label are mainly determined by the genre of music in which it specializes in. Largely, the genre of music for the group was dance. However, it is apparent that i t had to conform to modern trends in music. Consequently, the music group also incorporated Rnb as a genre in its production. The record label does the promotion of its music products through the universal music group which is an established music marketing and producing company. The transformations that have been at the company have seen it sign even hip-hop artists. Hip-hop is a genre of music that has been incorporated into the recording label’s staple. Some of the artists who have been signed to the group in the recent past whose music has been of hip-hop genre include Skepta. The following discourse partly focuses on Skepta in terms of his music. Skepta Skepta is a rapper who is English. His real names are recorded to be Joseph Adenuga. The rapper is of African descent. The rapper has had different compilation albums as well as mixtapes. His first album was the one released in 2007. The name of the album was called the Greatest hits. This gave the artists a platform whic h saw to his rise and popularity especially when he released the single titled Bad Boy. Mixtapes as Part of Music Culture Mixtapes are a ways through which artists promote themselves. They are unlike compilation or studio albums. The copyright rules do not actually apply to them. In reference to the artist in focus, he has had three mixtapes. The first one was titled Been there done that. The date of release of that compilation was in 2010. The second mixtape was titled community payback. This was released in 2011 and was hosted by the renowned DJ Whoo Kid. In hip hop music, this has been used by various artists to launch and even propel their careers. A notable beneficiary of this was 50cent. It is arguably true that Curtis Jackson is one of the biggest names in hip hop in recent times. While trying to gain an entry into the music industry, he made a name through a mixtape titled How to rob the industry. In the music, he made comical inferences to already established music icons li ke Jay Z. by doing what he did, he attracted attention on him. Consequently, it acted as a platform for promoting his talent. Urban Radio Industry The urban industry for radio in the UK has progressively grown in leaps too. Over the years, the radio stations have played a vital role in the music culture. They promote artists and contribute fairly in the marketing of their music. A few years back, there were few registered FM stations. Most of the stations then were pirates. These stations included Rinse FM which

Organisational Behaviour and the Standard Chartered Bank Scandal Essay

Organisational Behaviour and the Standard Chartered Bank Scandal - Essay Example This was used to fund terrorist groups. The US branch of the bank hid 60,000 transactions with Iran for almost a decade. Speaking in a press conference on August 8th, Standard Chartered Bank CEO, Peter Sands stated that â€Å"there was no systematic attempt to circumvent sanctions in Iran†. He admitted that some deals violated US sanctions of Iran but that was not the whole representative policy of the bank. However, this incident wiped off $17billion from the bank's market value and shares fell by 7% within the 24-hour period (BBC News, 2012a). According to the Telegraph (2012) the US Treasury department showed suspicion that some US banks are collaborating with Iran to fund the nuclear weapons programme of Iran. However, Standard Chartered Bank kept this secret until the lid was opened upon them. A senior business writer for the Guardian in the UK did a thorough critique of the situation at hand (Palmer, 2012). In his critique, he identified important pointers and actions th at are relevant to the case and give a broader view of the concepts involved in the breach. He identifies that widespread illegal activities committed in different parts of the world cannot succeed unless some international banks cooperate with the persons indicted for the activity. In citing a similar case, Palmer identifies that HSBC bank was indicted for helping Mexican drug traffickers to circumvent sanctions by covering up their transactions and presenting them as legal (Palmer, 2012). In the events leading to the Standard Chartered scandal, it is said that the head of Standard Chartered Americas wrote to the director on 5th October, 2005 stating that the UK headquarters' transactions with Iran were â€Å"very serious and even catastrophic enough to cause major reputational damage of the bank† (Palmer, 2012). However, the warning was not heeded and this led to the scandal. However, Standard Chartered went on and altered wire transactions for the Iranian government (see A ppendix 1). Deloitte, the bank's auditors came out and claimed that they had no knowledge of the actions of the bank's employees and this activity was not disclosed to them (Palmer, 2012). However, Palmer insists that the current CEO, Peter Sands served as the finance director between 2002 and 2006 before assuming his current position and he had served long enough to know about this spate of illegal transactions. This is an offence and the management and staff of Standard Chartered Bank are indicted for their role in breaking an international legal convention. This is clearly the case of an unethical behaviour and requires a lot of attention from the major stakeholders. This paper undertakes analysis of the subject and its implications to organisational behaviour. Organisational Structures/Culture and the Scandal â€Å"In banking, there has always been an overlap between corporate governance and banking regulations† (Gup, 2007 p13). This implies that banking has always had a corporate governance culture that requires the people charged with directing the affairs of the bank to follow some important regulations and considerations in decision making and the running of the banks. Gup goes on to state that these rules and imperative requirements were in place since the 1930s where most banks in the developed world had to react to the major economic crises that came up prior to the Second World War (2007).

External Influences on Health

External Influences on Health Recognize, survey and examine both immediate and aberrant effects on wellbeing the accompanying determinants have with respect to arranging, execution, and the assessment of wellbeing mediation. Demographic distribution of population. The demographic distribution influences the wellbeing straightforwardly and in a roundabout way. Here in New Zealand significant piece of the populace is existing in Auckland. The large portion of vagrants and other individuals are existing in the Auckland area. In this way, the prerequisite of wellbeing office is more in Auckland than different regions of New Zealand. The individuals require more wellbeing office in the urban range. In a few nations populace is high in some territory. In this way, it is hard to give hitter wellbeing office to everybody. In like manner, a few regions are not fitting clean due to the poor offices. It measurements likewise influences the wellbeing models. Some remote territories are far from the fundamental focus where we cant reach there on time to give the best human services offices in a crisis. In India there is more populace of adolescent age. While in New Zealand there are around 50,000 individuals of seniority with the issue of the dementia. Acc ording to one overview it will be around 1, 20,000 following 16 years. Thus, it will be a tremendous issue for the nation to handle it. Political values. Democratization is a crucial to ensure the energy about human rights, social value and worth. As we enter the third thousand years the strategy of democratization is spreading to more countries. The progression, in any case, is reasonably direct. Progress in wellbeing ethics to accomplish quality and reverence human honorability should not to hold up. Attempts to finish esteem in human administrations are ordinarily welcomed even by the most genuine organizations. Pioneers expect an unequivocal part in accepting good guidelines in wellbeing mindfulness that ensure worth, value and adoration for people. Political qualities dosage influence the wellbeing in distinctive way. Political gathering needs to choose the medicinal plan. Moreover, government choose which medication can be sold and which cant be sold in the nation. The political party additionally chooses the expense of the medication and medications free of charge solution. Case in point, in New Zealand natives get free medicat ions after a few solutions. The administration likewise chooses about the healing facility. Quantities of doctors facilities and zone of the healing centre has been chosen by the political party. Political values additionally impacts on the quantity of the restorative and nursing staff introduce in the health awareness unit. Capability of the staff additionally chooses by the administration for the clinics and medicinal services units. Government sets a portion of the criteria additionally for the holding up for an arrangement. Political qualities measurement likewise consequences for the expense of treatment. Like in India treatment of real ailments like tumor, AIDS is free of expense in government clinics. Along these lines, political values additionally have influenced the general wellbeing. Religious beliefs. Religious is the gauge for keep up the wellbeing. Like different religious have their own particular convictions for keep up wellbeing. According to Hinduism individuals like to take plant pharmaceutical instead of visit the specialist. Ayurveda is the book from which Hindu get thoughts to cure the sickness. Hindu individuals accept that they have wellbeing issues as a result of their awful things (Karma) they did. For the Muslim religious there are additionally diverse convictions for the wellbeing issue. Muslim individuals like to consume home sustenance amid their hospitalization. For the customary solution they like to go to Hakim rather than specialists. The populace of Africa are more cognizant about proliferation. In this way, they welcome the sicknesses like AIDS by having the dangerous sex. A large portion of universal individual’s utilization to do appeal to God for recuperation rather than pharmaceutical. The goal of Buddhist practice is to make the mind to its full est potential which incorporates the perfection of sensitivity and learning. Extraordinary success incorporates making a tolerant identity and working with the torment of disorder and death in a maximally perfect way. Buddhist church, and likewise lay specialists are open to help the people who are charmed by these practices. Human values Ethics are grounded on socio-social, philosophical or religious sentiments of what are extraordinary or wickedness. Ethics is considered as the effort to find sensible defence for perceiving what is right or wrong in human exercises and ways of life. In this adoration, ethics is an augmentation between wellbeing game plan and qualities, where qualities are seen as assistants and protections people use for picking destinations, needs and measures. Ethics investigations the moral authenticity of the choice. Quality incorporates both philosophy and conclusion. An operational philosophy would be to assess the impact of specific wellbeing decisions on quality and to ensure that decisions taken do enhance esteem. The progression and affirmation of human rights and of restorative administrations are in a wide sense interfaced. The right of the single individual to get right information empowered authorizing the essential information checks on cigarettes realizing a positive wellbeing and fi scal influence. There has been a creating penchant of late to minimize the inconvenience of social protection on individual human rights. Ethnicity. Ethnicity is a principle thought impacting the soundness of individuals and gatherings. Ethnicity (or ethnic social occasion) delineate various national differences in the way that ethnic get-togethers are delineated, and there is close general assentation that ethnicity is a socially created identity, and not an innately chose and continuing assurance which chooses conduct and the attributes of the individual, things being what they are, enrolment of an ethnic get-together is at risk to gather certain specific wellbeing dangers and needs. For example, the anticoagulation drug carbamazepine now and again causes genuine and even deadly medicine reactions in people of Asian plunge. Clearly, these drug reactions might at present happen in people who are not Asian, and they may not happen in all people of Asian drop. Yet knowing has any sort of impact in how your pro methodologies arrangements. Traditions. All traditions have frameworks of wellbeing feelings to clear up what causes affliction, how it could be cured or treated, and who should be incorporated the entire time. The extent to which patients see calm guideline as having social centrality for them can have a noteworthy effect on their get-together to information gave and their capacity to use it. Western industrialized social requests, for instance, the United States, which see contamination as an eventual outcome of trademark sensible phenomena, advocate therapeutic pharmaceuticals that fight microorganisms or use complex designing to diagnose and treat affliction. Diverse social requests acknowledge that infection is the delayed consequence of supernatural phenomena and push appeal to God or other significant mediations that counter the accepted disfavor of viable powers. Conventional issues accept a genuine part in patient consistence. One study exhibited that a social event of Cambodian adults with immaterial formal prepa ring endeavored huge consultations to take after treatment however did so in a manner unsurprising with their fundamental understanding of how arrangements and the body work. Various African-Americans share in a general public that focuses on the centrality of family and church. There are widened association bonds with grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, or individuals who are not naturally related yet who accept a key part in the family schema. Typically, a key relative is directed for key wellbeing related decisions. The assemblage is a vital help steady system for some African-Americans. Identify, assess and discuss both direct and indirect impacts on health the following public attitudes have with regards to planning, implementation, and the evaluation of health interventions. Personality, Attitudes and Health What is Personality? â€Å"We bring our identity with us wherever we go to work, school, in our connections†¦ and so on. Indeed our identities are reflected in all that we do. They are reflected in the TV shows we like to watch, the sustenance’s we consume, the sum we drink, our pastimes, political affiliations So it would just bode well that our identity would affect the route in which we decide to deal with our wellbeing and the way we respond to sickness. What is an attitude? The way you contemplate or act towards some person or something Attitudes Towards Tobacco Control: Context: smoke free Environments (Controls and Enforcement) Amendment Act 2011: Removal of purpose of-offer tobacco item shows: retailers must verify that tobacco items cant be seen by clients in their store. Retailers sees on Tobacco Control Measures and Their Effectiveness (changed perspectives): Most retailers thought the evacuation of tobacco presentations would diminish smoking, and debilitate youngsters from taking up smoking. Different retailers communicated enthusiasm toward giving extra backing to clients who are attempting to stop. A significant number of the retailers backed further tobacco control measures. Most were not restricted to the thought of it being necessary for tobacco merchants to additionally offer quit-supports like Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) including patches, gums. Tobacco industry has anticipated that uprooting tobacco item shows will bring about budgetary misfortunes for retailers and an increment in robberies and security issues. Attitudes Towards Smoking: Overview gathered information to portray staff reactions to articulations identifying with doctors facility smoking: Most (88%) wanted to work in a without smoke environment, in spite of the fact that this was altogether lower in smokers contrasted with non-smokers (39% versus 95%). While most staff felt that the smoke free environment had a positive effect on the wellbeing of patients (86%) and on themselves (79%), smokers were essentially more averse to concur. Smoking boycott can bring about positive wellbeing results for patients and staff, and may impact some staff to stop. Test is the way to convince the individuals who smoke. Analyse and talk about the different impacts that the collaboration between social, social and national and worldwide arrangement may have on the arranging, usage, and assessment of wellbeing intercessions in New Zealand. Patients of Indian Origin: Aged patients expect conscious and respectful treatment as their due. Numerous patients may wear religious stuff which ought to never be evacuated or cut without the assent of the patient or relative including exceptional dress (tupi, a religious top worn by Muslims), hallowed decorations (mangalsutra). Rehearsing Hindus or Sikhs put stock in resurrection – Older patients may accept that diseases are the consequence of terrible karma from past lives thus may be less slanted to hold fast to biomedical regimen Patients of Filipino Origin: Traditional Filipino methodologies coordinate ideas of disease as being the part of malevolence spirits or witches demanding discipline for wrongful deeds. Filipino idea of wellbeing is focused around the guideline of equalization – Tim bang. Particular issue are seen to be brought about by an abundance admission of one sort of sustenance. Chilly sustenance’s, for example, numerous foods grown from the ground may achieve disease and pallor. Many seniors utilize a double arrangement of human services, mixing advanced pharmaceutical with traditional practices and standards. Filial devotion and admiration for seniors is exceptionally solid in Filipino families. Families may be hope to be included and may hope to be furnished with significant data in regards to treatment plans. Patients of Africa and Zimbabwe: Perspectives of men and ladies who accepted they were potential conceptive disappointments by not having the socially expected numbers and sorts of youngsters in Zimbabwe. The implications of conceptive disappointment and their connections to neighbourhood convictions and society, sexual conduct and sex characters, and HIV counteractive action. A distraction with origination undermined the selection of what are right now viewed as more secure sexual practices. In looking to overcome what was seen as conceptive disappointment, men, and ladies to a lesser degree, participate in unprotected sex with various simultaneous and serial accomplices. Such practices are given significance by long-held nearby convictions concerning the imperativeness of childbearing for people and for the more extensive group. Traditional Filipino methodologies incorporate ideas of sickness as being the part of malice spirits or witches demanding discipline for wrongful deeds. Filipino idea of wellbeing is focused around the standard of equalization – Tim bang. Particular issue are seen to be brought about by an abundance admission of one sort of sustenance. Frosty sustenance’s, for example, numerous products of the soil may realize malignancy and weakness. Traditions, Religion and Health: Implications for Health Policy Planning, Implementation and Evaluation. Tradition and Culture: Wellbeing policymaking, execution and assessment must be educated by the social and conventional connections Well-being data that is socially proper to its target group is more successful than data that disregards society Conventional medications must be regarded. Recognize social, religious practices from the place where you grew up and layout how they may affect on wellbeing policymaking and execution. References Retrieved from http://www.humiliationstudies.org/documents/GabrHealthEthics.pdf Retrieved from http://www.ucema.edu.ar/u/je49/capital_humano/Murphy_Topel_JPE.pdf Retrieved from https://www.health.govt.nz/system/files/documents/publications/cornwallanddavey.pdf Retrieved from http://www.medschool.lsuhsc.edu/physiology/docs/Belief%20and%20Traditions%20that%20impact%20the%20Latino%20Healthcare.pdf A Buddhist Approach to Patient Health Care Kusala Bhikshu. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma8/health.html Assessing the impact of political, economic, socio-cultural, environmental and other external influences | Health Knowledge. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/organisation-management/5b-understanding-ofs/assessing-impact-external-influences The effects of religious beliefs on the health c [Nurse Pract. 1986] PubMed NCBI. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3446212 Ethnicity and health Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. (n.d.). RetrievedOctober1, 2014, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicity_and_health How culture influences health beliefs. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.euromedinfo.eu/how-culture-influences-health-beliefs.html/ How Your Ancestry and Ethnicity Affect Your Health — Health Hub from Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://health.clevelandclinic.org/2014/03/how-your-ancestry-and-ethnicity-affect-your-health/

The Philippine Party-List System: Absence of a Clear Seat Allocation Fo

The Party-List System of proportional representation is a relatively new addition to Philippine politics and specifically in the electoral system of the country. It was only introduced in 1987, by then, the new constitution and formalized by R.A. 7941 (The Party-list System Act) in 1995, to open the legislature to marginalized and underrepresented sectors or groups without a well-defined political constituencies but who could contribute to policy formulation beneficial to the nation. (R.A. 7941 1995, Sec. 2) Since then there had been various problems in implementing the statutory law and the principles of the constitutional provision on the party-list system. Rodriguez and Velasco (1998, 36-48) and Tangkia and Habaradas (2001) enumerated some of them: low voter turnout, COMELEC inefficiency in public information dissemination, and confusing instructions in explaining a new ballot structure. However, one of its longest standing issues is the seat allocation since R.A. 7941 does not provide a clear formula for translating votes into seats. (Rodriguez 2002, 25 and Rodriguez and Velasco 1998, 39) An allocation formula is one of the basic and most fundamental requisites of a party-list system. Yet ironically, the authors of the governing law seemed to have forgotten to include a clear allocation formula even though it was tackled during the deliberations of R.A. 7941’s origin bills. The effects of its absence were most evident during the 1998 and 2007 elections. In 1998, 14 party-list seats were already filled with finality using the â€Å"2-4-6 COMELEC formula.† The said formula apportioned a seat for every 2% a party garnered in the party-list votes. For example, APEC was given two seats with its 5.5% but ABA (second... .... 2007. â€Å"The Party-List System in the Philippines: Proportional Representation and Seat Allocation Errors.† Discussion Paper. QC: Center for People Empowerment in Governance/University of the Philippines. Republic Act 7941. 1995. â€Å"The Party-list System Act.† Rodriguez, Agustin Martin G. and Djorina Velasco. 1998. Democracy Rising? The Trials and Triumphs of the 1998 Party-List Elections. QC: Institute of Politics and Governance and Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Rodriguez, Agustin Martin G. 2002. The Winding Road to Representation: The Philippine Party-List Experience. Makati: Ateneo School of Government and Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Tangkia, Fritzie Palma and Ma.AraceliBascoHabaradas. 2001.â€Å"Party-List System: The Philippine Experience. Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Philippines.http://www.library.fes.de/pdffiles/bueros/philippinen/50076.pdf. (November 27, 2011).

Persuasive Language Techniques

Persuasive Language Techniques 1. Attacks Attacks are a version of playing the man, not the ball. If you can make your opposition seem less credible, you may be more likely to get a reader to agree with your side of the argument. At the least, attention can be taken away from the issue itself and put on to the personality. Attacks can attempt to belittle or embarrass or just plain insult an opponent. The idea is that the weaker you can make your opposition appear, the stronger you and your contention will appear. Example text: That’s the sort of suggestion I’d expect from a nose-in-the-air toff like Turnbull. . Colloquial Language Colloquial (slang) language can be used in different ways. It can set the writer up as knowledgeable, on the inside of a social group. A writer may also use slang in a sarcastic manner, to attack an opponent or mock an argument. It may also be used to appeal to a reader’s own sense of cultural identity, or reinforce a writer’s ov erall tone. Example text: She’s a top sheila that Jessica Rowe. Channel Nine are stark raving to give her the boot. 3. Emotive Appeals Like many persuasive techniques, emotive appeals aim to engage people’s feelings, not logic or reason. If a writer can manipulate a reader to feel a certain way, that reader should be more likely to agree with the writer’s overall contention. Often writers will use other forms of persuasive language techniques in order to appeal to people’s emotions. There is a huge variety of emotive responses that can be aimed at by writers, such as: Democracy Family valuesHedonismReason and logic Charity Fashion-senseHip-pocket nerveSafety CompassionFear of changeMoralitySelf-interest Environmentalism FreedomNostalgiaSense of justice Fairness Group loyaltyPatriotismVanity Example text 1: Soon we will see civilians lying dead in our own streets if we do not act against terrorism. Example text 2: In our society today there are people living without food or adequate shelter. Such basics of life can be provided if those of us who can afford to, give to organisations such as the Salvation Army, to help those unable to help themselves. 4. Inclusive language Inclusive language aims to directly address the reader, either personally or as a member of a shared group. This involves using such words as us, we, you, our. Example text: It is time for us to show our belief in the value of mateship and a fair go, and give generously to the Good Friday Appeal. 5. Rhetorical question A rhetorical question is one in which the answer is so obvious it is not required. The idea here is not to receive an answer, merely to reinforce a point. Example text: Should footballers be treated as above the law? Persuasive Language Techniques 6. Exaggeration A writer may describe a situation in forceful, overblown language in order to make the issue seem more important or urgent than it may otherwise be considered. Exaggerating the scale of an issue can draw an emotional response from a reader. Also known as hyperbole. Example text: Councils are losing the war against vandals. 7. Emphasis There are three types of emphasis that writers use to draw the reader’s attention to a specific point or idea: Repetition; Cumulation and Alliteration Repetition Repeating a single word a number of times over is repetition. Example text: We will all suffer for years to come unless we stop this government, stop them in the workplace, stop them in the polls, and stop them on election day. Cumulation Using many similar words in a short space is cumulation. Example text: This task requires guts, determination, grit and willpower. Alliteration Repetition of the first sound in consecutive words is alliteration. Example text: To rip people off so blatantly shows Mr. Craven to be cruel, calculating and crooked. 8. Evidence. There are three main types of evidence: Anecdotal; Expert Opinion and Statistical Anecdotal evidence An anecdote is a tale involving real life events, a true story. Such stories can be used by writers as evidence to back their claims. To support a contention, and to make themselves appear more credible, writers often use personal anecdotes. Example text: I can tell you that, as a single mother of two, I received very little in the way of financial support during my attempts to return to fulltime work. Expert opinion To make a writer’s position seem more credible, they may quote the opinions of experts that correspond with their own. As in a court case, experts are often called on to make one side seem stronger and more believable. Example text: My stand on the issue of exposed underwear is supported by fashion designer Ruby Reed, who recently stated: â€Å"Anyone whose underwear is exposed due to low slung jeans should be punished as forcefully as possible. † Statistical evidence Like any form of evidence, statistics can be used to make an argument seem more conclusive, a writer’s opinion more valid. Often statistics are used that are out of context, or from unreliable sources. As the saying goes, â€Å"There are lies, damned lies, and statistics. † Example text: A recent survey found that 90% of students favoured no school uniforms at all.